Wicca Spells Details
The Witch-cult is the term for a hypothetical pre-Christian, pagan religion of Europe that survived into at least the early modern period. As late as the 19th and early 20th centuries, some scholars had postulated that European witchcraft was part of a Satanic plot to overthrow Christianity; most of the evidence for this theory was compiled by studying the accounts of the persecutors in the witch trials in early modern Europe. From the late 19th century an opposing view arose, that witches were not Satanists, but adherents of a surviving underground pagan religion. In the 20th century, the theory gave rise to the neopagan religion of Gardnerianism, with its various offshoots and traditions summarized under the term Wicca.
The theory was pioneered by authors such as Karl Ernst Jarcke and Jules Michelet in the 19th century, but received its most prominent exposition with Margaret Murray's 1921 book, The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, and her contributions to the Encyclopædia Britannica. Scholars have criticised the theory and the general consensus is that the witch cult never existed and is entirely pseudohistorical,[1] while scholars consider some folk magical practices to have influenced witchcraft stereotypes.[2]
Gerald Gardner claimed that he had discovered the New Forest Coven, a group still practising the religion (which he called Witchcraft) in his 1954 book, Witchcraft Today, a claim which was endorsed by Murray.[3] Similarly, Sybil Leek, Robert Cochrane, Charles Cardell, Rosaleen Norton and Alex Sanders also made claims to having been members of a family line of adherents to the witch-cult. Some[which?] contemporary Wiccans have since distanced themselves from the theory.[4]
The Witch-cult is the term for a hypothetical pre-Christian, pagan religion of Europe that survived into at least the early modern period. As late as the 19th and early 20th centuries, some scholars had postulated that European witchcraft was part of a Satanic plot to overthrow Christianity; most of the evidence for this theory was compiled by studying the accounts of the persecutors in the witch trials in early modern Europe. From the late 19th century an opposing view arose, that witches were not Satanists, but adherents of a surviving underground pagan religion. In the 20th century, the theory gave rise to the neopagan religion of Gardnerianism, with its various offshoots and traditions summarized under the term Wicca.
The theory was pioneered by authors such as Karl Ernst Jarcke and Jules Michelet in the 19th century, but received its most prominent exposition with Margaret Murray's 1921 book, The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, and her contributions to the Encyclopædia Britannica. Scholars have criticised the theory and the general consensus is that the witch cult never existed and is entirely pseudohistorical,[1] while scholars consider some folk magical practices to have influenced witchcraft stereotypes.[2]
Gerald Gardner claimed that he had discovered the New Forest Coven, a group still practising the religion (which he called Witchcraft) in his 1954 book, Witchcraft Today, a claim which was endorsed by Murray.[3] Similarly, Sybil Leek, Robert Cochrane, Charles Cardell, Rosaleen Norton and Alex Sanders also made claims to having been members of a family line of adherents to the witch-cult. Some[which?] contemporary Wiccans have since distanced themselves from the theory.[4]
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Wicca Spells
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